PTGS2 and neoplasm: Also, chronic hyperglycemia stimulate the production of several cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [16,17], all of which were shown to promote tumor cell proliferation, inhibit cellular apoptosis regulate cell cycle, and induce the expression of oncogene [18] (Figure 1).