CSF2 and asthma: In addition, epithelial cells can perpetuate type 2 inflammation by releasing various cytokines, chemokines, and alarmins (such as IL-33, TSLP, and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) and interacting with other immune cells, ultimately leading to airway wall remodeling in asthma [12, 50].