VEGFD and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For instance, IL-6 has been demonstrated to promote lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer via the signal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C.53 Similarly, IL-7 can promote the development of lymphatic vessels in lung and breast cancers by inducing VEGF-D upregulation.54,55 In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), IL-17 has also been linked to poorer patient survival outcomes owing to its ability to drive VEGF-C secretion and lymphangiogenesis.56