Therapeutics impeding PD-1/PD-L1 interactions and thereby antagonising PD-1 functions, have revolutionised the treatment of melanoma and other solid cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bladder carcinoma, and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) cancers2. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and urinary bladder carcinoma.