SERPINE1 and colitis: In another study, Wang et al. showed that PAI-1 induces neutrophil-mediated chemokine expression by activating the NF-κB pathway in dextran sodium suphate [DSS]-induced colitis model in mice.12 These studies emphasised the potential role of PAI-1 in IBD pathogenesis; however, the protein levels of PAI-1 in different biological samples and their correlation with the disease activity or therapeutic response remained unknown.