IGF1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: While we did not capture insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) transcription in this study, others have demonstrated (i) IGF-1 levels decrease as DMD progresses, and (ii) DMF and analogous fumarate esters increase IGF-1 expression in neurons (48), while glucocorticoids notoriously reduce circulating IGF-1 levels (49).