MTOR and Parkinsonism: In Parkinson’s models, MANF manages cellular stress via endoplasmic reticulum regulation (Apostolou et al. 2008; Yu et al. 2021) and activates antioxidant pathways through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and AMPK/mTOR pathway to enhances mitochondrial function (Apostolou et al. 2008; Oh-Hashi et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2020).