CTLA4 and lung carcinoma: While previous studies predominantly focused on cancer stemness and chemotherapy resistance [32,33,34,35,36], there is a paucity of studies on ICBs such as CTLA4ab, which suppresses expression of CTLA4 to promote proliferation of T cell to attack the tumor cells and are also the standard of care, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs for lung cancer therapy [37], however, a considerable portion of patients do not benefit from it.