TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: As a practical example, DCs pulsed with antigen-specific ApoBDs from beta cells could reduce the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 and the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), while significantly reducing the diabetes incidence in vivo, proving to be a promising method to prevent type 1 diabetes [101].