The participants with obesity also had higher blood pressures (systolic: 135 ± 18 vs. 115 ± 10 mmHg, P < 0.001; diastolic: 79 ± 13 vs. 69 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.001; respectively), higher fasting glucose levels (5.5 ± 0.5 vs. 5.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L, P = 0.005), higher fasting insulin levels (18.4 ± 11.6 vs. 6.3 ± 2.6 μIU/mL, P < 0.001), higher HOMA-IR (4.5 ± 3.0 vs. 1.4 ± 0.7, P < 0.001), higher fasting triglyceride levels (2.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.001), and lower HDL cholesterol levels (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3, P < 0.001) than the controls. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.