ABCA1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): The diagram exhibits that ABCA1 expression remarkably negatively associates with TMZ resistance in central nervous system tumors, especially in diffuse glioma (Pearson r = − 0.41, p = 0.038) and astrocytoma (Pearson r = − 0.55, p = 0.0043) (Fig. 3a–c).