EGFR and lung adenocarcinoma: First, we included some lung adenocarcinoma patients as an external testing set to validate the reliability and stability of the model, however, due to the small sample size, its predictive efficiency may be limited, and multi-institutional image data are needed to assess the generalizability of our findings in future; second, the incidence of EGFR mutation varies greatly across different races, with a significantly higher incidence in Asian populations [45].