We noted a similar neuroprotective signature emerging in granule cells, where IL-12 promoted intercellular communication conduits including NRG1–ERBB4, NRG2–ERBB4, EFNA5–EPHA7 and NRXN1–NLGN1, with the latter being implicated in the pathology of MS, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders26 (Fig. 4j and Extended Data Fig. 6d,e). Here, ERBB4 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.