TWIST1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Interestingly, we observed a higher NADH level and a lower NAD+/NADH ratio in BMMSCs co-cultured with KG1a-TWIST1 or mononuclear cells derived from MDS/AML patients, compared to those co-cultured with KG1a or mononuclear cells derived from HD (Fig. 4B&C).