Monoclonal antibodies target specific inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD1), or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and have improved OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic NSCLC in multiple large-scale phase III RCTs, particularly in patients with PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50% (Supplementary Table 1). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.