INS and diabetes mellitus: In secondary analyses split by diabetes status, 2-AAA associated with glucose and HbA1c only in the individuals with diabetes (glucose r2 = 0.52, HbA1c r2 = 0.58; both P<0.0001 for diabetes, vs P>0.5 for insulin sensitive and pre-diabetes), but 2-AAA was associated with insulin in both people with and without diabetes (r2 = 0.27, P<0.02 insulin sensitive, r2 = 0.5, p<0.001 pre-diabetes, r2 = 0.26, P<0.002 diabetes).