TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In studies of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mouse models, exogenous supplementation of C-peptide was found to aid in the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL17 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, like IL4 and IL10, in the urine (P <0.05).