Our group has recently observed tumor response associated with prolonged disease-free survival through the addition of CD137 agonist therapy to a combination of an irradiated, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)–secreting, allogeneic PDAC vaccine (GVAX)90 and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy87, consistent with the promise shown by this approach in preclinical studies. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.