GCLM and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, studies have shown that GCLM expression is mainly regulated by transcription factors, including activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) (Jaiswal, 2004; Yang et al., 2005; Roos et al., 2020) confirmed that treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells with the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby upregulating GCLM levels and inducing GSH synthesis.