Fibroblasts can be activated and differentiate into a CAF phenotype through growth factors (TGFβ, HGF, FGF, PDGF), transcription factors (NF-κB and HSF-1), metalloproteinases, signal proteins, reactive oxygen species secreted by tumor cells or immune cells and by extracellular vesicles released by tumor cells (Dai et al., 2018; Ringuette Goulet et al., 2018; Ping et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.