Evidence on the protective properties of DMF on the gastroenteric system also comes from in vivo models of colitis; DMF (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) administered to a murine model of dinitrobenzene sulphuric acid (DNBS)-induced colitis reduced weight loss, hemorrhagic diarrhoea, colon injury, and colonic TNF-α and IL-1β levels (Casili et al., 2016). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.