TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: In a mouse model of TNF-α-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 50 mg/kg of DMF markedly suppressed the lesions of lung, as well as of cecum and uterus, concomitantly with a reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Shi et al., 2023); these DMF-protective effects were linked to inhibition of necroptosis triggered by TNF-α stimulation, suggesting for the first time that DMF may act as a necroptosis inhibitor.