In another study, upregulation of Th1 cytokines [IFN-γ, interleukins (IL)-2 and IL-12p40] and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-10) was thought to play a crucial role in driving cellular immune responses against IBDV in the acute phase of infection (39). The gene discussed is IL5; the disease is infection.