VEGF is mainly secreted by vascular endothelial cells, as well as tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) (Hwang et al., 2020), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) (Guimarães-Bastos et al., 2022), mast cells (MCs) (Komi et al., 2020), myelogenous suppressor cells (MDSCs) (Mortezaee, 2021) and natural killer cells (NKs) (Eisinger et al., 2020). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.