ATM and viral infectious disease: DNA-PK and ATM are members of the PI-3K-related protein kinase.28 It can induce Akt, p53, and many other pathways to regulate signal transduction.29 Generally, the Akt pathway can adjust the balance of anti-apoptotic (eg. bcl-2, bcl-xl, bad), and pro-apoptotic (eg. bax) molecules, and mTOR phosphorylation affects both the apoptosis and autophagy pathways.30,31 Initially, we detected p-Akt and p-mTOR, and the results indicated that Akt and mTOR were activated by viral infection but were inhibited when imposed with NU7441 (Fig. 4c).