In other words, a negative result (i.e. an OPKO4K score < 7.5% or an ExoDx IntelliScore < 15.6%) rules out the presence of high-risk disease characteristics, ultimately prompting the avoidance of prostate biopsy and its associated risk for adverse events such as hematuria, rectal bleeding, infection, etc. A previous risk stratification model extrapolating data from 725 patients with a serum PSA between 4.0 and 10.0 noted an AUC of 0.53 on an ROC to predict any prostate cancer, our summative model improves predictive capability to an AUC of 0.825 [19]. Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.