IL1B and irritable bowel syndrome: The 5-ASA release from the delivery system may involve four steps: (i) NDF-Pro/5-ASA and Bac are delivered by gel microspheres in the colorectum after oral administration; (ii) NDF-Pro/5-ASA is capable of targeting IBS sites due to IL-1β antibodies upon gel microsphere swelling and decomposition[36]; (iii) 5-ASA is gradually released through the depletion of NDFs and proteins, which is essential for Bac fermentation; (iv) Improving the gut microbiota within IBS areas could potentially mitigate inflammatory response (Scheme 2).