Even after adjusting for confounding variables, a consistent association has been found between maternal obesity and delayed lactogenesis.40 Disturbances in glucose metabolism may underlie the association between maternal obesity/GDM and delayed onset of lactogenesis.41 Neubauer et al. revealed a significantly lower mean lactose concentration at day 2 postpartum among insulin-dependent diabetic mothers compared with non-diabetic mothers.42 This is consistent with our finding that the lactose content was significantly lower in GDM colostrum compared with the healthy group (Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.