Insulin is an important factor in regulating lactation, and has essential roles in secretory differentiation, secretory activation, and mature milk production.43 Notably, insulin plays a crucial role in the transcription of milk protein genes,44,45 including ɑ-lactalbumin, which is a main component of the lactose synthase complex and controls the rate of lactose synthesis in mammary glands.46 Therefore, the insulin resistance of GDM mothers may have hindered lactose biosynthesis from glucose by disturbing ɑ-lactalbumin production. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.