INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Of 76 genes from different pathways, 33 showed significant differential expression levels, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed enrichment in glucose metabolism (insulin signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway) and lipid metabolism pathways (AMPK signaling pathway and receptors and transporters associated with PPAR signaling pathway), particularly in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathway (Fig. 1C).