Western blot results showed that compared with the HF + Exos + sh-NC group, the expression of INSR, IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI3K, p-AKT, Ras, and p-Erk1/2 in the hippocampus of mice in the HF + Exos + sh-MALAT1 group was significantly reduced (Fig. 8H, I). Here, IRS2 is linked to hydrops fetalis.