INS and hydrops fetalis: Western blot results showed that compared with the blank group, the expression of brain hippocampal INSR, IRS-1, and IRS-2, as well as the insulin signaling-related pathways PI3K, p-AKT, Ras, and p-Erk1/2 proteins, were significantly decreased in mice in the HF group, while the expression of brain hippocampal INSR, IRS-1, and IRS-2, as well as the insulin signaling-related pathways PI3K, p-AKT, Ras, and p-Erk1/2 proteins, were significantly increased in mice in the HF + AE group (Fig. 2A, B).