TNF and neoplasm: Although nanobody-based CAR-T cells and 376.96 scFv-based CAR-T cells have comparable cytotoxicity against IMR5 tumor cells, a significantly higher level of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) was released from B12(VHH)-CAR-T cells compared to others (Fig. 4c, d).