Existing studies also found the Piasy-Trim32 interaction induced keratinocyte apoptosis is mediated by NF-κB [37], and NF-κB has also been found to be associated with apoptosis in other cell types, such as osteoarthritis [38], non-alcoholic steatohepatitis macrophages [39], colon cancer [40] and ovarian tumors [41], which is consistent with our findings. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is osteoarthritis.