The DR group showed increased expression of antimicrobial peptide genes downstream of the Imd (AttA, DptA, CeCA2) and Toll (Def, Toll7, IM2, Drs) pathways in Drosophila 48 hours after infection with S marcescens and E faecalis (Figure 5C and D), indicating that the DR group had greater resistance to bacterial infection. Here, TLR4 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.