Several of these genes, including phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A), CNKSR family member 3 (CNKSR3), angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1), interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), IL-1 receptor–associated kinase 2 (IRAK2), Ras association domain family member 2 (RASSF2), TNF-α–induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2), and c-c motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) are known to play critical roles in cell death and/or ALI (21–26) and their targeting by miR-1 is consistent with the miR-1 protective effects. This evidence concerns the gene IRF1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome.