Treatment of GBM cells with TMZ-induced activation of AMPK in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as reflected by elevated phosphorylation of AMPK at T172 and AMPK substrate acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) at S79 (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 2a). This evidence concerns the gene PRKAA1 and glioblastoma.