Intriguingly, positive correlation was observed among HPRT1 expression, AMPK pT172, and RRM1 pT52 in these recurrent GBM samples (Fig. 8g–i), suggesting that TMZ strongly activated HPRT1/AMPK/RRM1 signal cascade in human GBM specimens and that this cascade may contribute to recurrence and refractory to TMZ of brain tumors. The gene discussed is PRKAA1; the disease is glioblastoma.