Preliminary results recently reported that a 2‐year OS of neoadjuvant single‐agent anti‐PD‐L1 was slightly superior to anti‐PD‐1 plus chemotherapy, both of which prolonged survival outcomes compared with nCT or nCRT, suggesting that biomarker‐driven patient selection may be crucial for de‐escalating chemotherapy and radiotherapy when neoadjuvant immunotherapy is given in resectable ESCC. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.