CSF2 and acute myeloid leukemia: Furthermore, endothelial cells secrete growth factors such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) under the influence of VEGF paracrine activity that results in the proliferation and survival of AML cells [329].