Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) can be expressed in mesothelial cells (MCs) in the TME, and can be delivered via EVs that are taken up by tumour cells after binding to EMMPRIN receptors on cancer cell membranes, thereby regulating MMP release in the cancer cells through the ERK1/2 and PI3K signalling pathways [86]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cancer.