In addition, Li et al. discovered that tumour-derived PD-L1+ EVs inhibited serine-threonine kinase AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling on macrophages, mediating macrophage differentiation towards the M2 phenotype to accelerate triple-negative breast cancer progression [90]. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and triple-negative breast carcinoma.