APP and Alzheimer disease: Besides, it has been suggested that EVs as potential carriers propagate misfolded proteins, such as tau and Aβ in AD and α-syn in PD.159 In a humanized APP mouse model, MGnD microglia, a class of disease-reactive microglia common in neurodegeneration, hypersecrete EVs containing phosphorylated tau (pTau), accelerating tau propagation.160 In contrast, inhibiting microglia secretion of tau-containing EVs alleviated tau pathology and cognitive impairment in P301S tau transgenic mice161 (Fig. 1).