We found significantly higher expression of markers of T-cell senescence (e.g., PTPRC, TIGIT, and TNF) and exhaustion (e.g., PDCD1, CTLA4, LAG3, and TNFRSF9) in hepatic CD4+ and CD8 + T cells in participants with NASH or liver cirrhosis than in controls (Supplementary Fig. 8a, b). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF9 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.