The results showed that α-PD1 treatment alone led to no significant inhibition of tumour growth, whereas 70% of the mice immunised with α-PD1 and PGN4.9 nanoadjuvant exhibited no tumour progression within 70 days by significantly promoting the intratumoural infiltration of CD8+ T cells (Fig. 6l–n; Supplementary Fig. 46). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.