To examine if the pro-fibrotic milieu in the lungs of IPF patients, which includes TGFβ, also stimulate podosome formation in vivo, HLFs from IPF patients (Supplementary Table 3) were cultured in the absence of any stimulation and were stained for podosomes in comparison, under the same conditions (and 7–8 passages), with different NHLF lines derived from healthy tissue. Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.