GDF15 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Further studies suggested that GDF15 may also have beneficial effects on NAFLD and insulin resistance,51 due to the function of GDF15 in restraining energy intake.52, 53, 54, 55 In our study, the strength of GDF15 instruments was insufficient to provide robust evidence of a causal effect, although we still observed some evidence of a target-specific effect of GDF15 on CAD.