TLR3 and Zika virus infectious disease: To test whether this defective induction of Ifnb1 expression was specific to ZIKV infection, MEFs were then transfected with the influenza A virus-derived 3-phosphate-hairpin-RNA (3p-hpRNA), an agonist of the RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS pathway, or treated with polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)), that activates both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 (TLR3) and the RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS pathway [18].