ALB and diabetic kidney disease: The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is widely used as a cornerstone for diagnosing DKD in clinical practice, and significant levels of macroalbuminuria (UACR > 300 mg/g) or microalbuminuria (UACR 30-300 mg/g) are routine biomarkers for the early diagnosis of DKD (21).