LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The mechanism by which obesity interacts with genetic factors is beyond the scope of this work, but obesity has been suggested to be neuroprotective due to hormonal changes (e.g., leptin, estrogen), dietary factors (e.g., vitamin E and D levels), and less risk for fragility (Yaffe et al., 2000; Holden et al., 2009; Bove et al., 2013).