GAD1 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: In addition, this study notably found that GAD also is a risk factor for sepsis and increased mortality in patients hospitalized with AP. Severe AP is characterized by a pro-inflammatory state that results in systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and pancreatic necrosis, followed by an anti-inflammatory response that can result in infection from the translocation of bacteria from a weakened intestinal barrier [16,17].