Further supporting the strong interplay between kidney function and fasting circulating TMAO, patients with T2D in the cohort prescribed new-generation anti-diabetics (GLP-1 Receptor Agonists24; GLP-1RAs) with evidenced reno-protective effects25 had lower serum circulating TMAO levels when compared to propensity-score matched controls (Fig. 1). Here, GLP1R is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.