Given that a single molecule, IL-6, can mediate epigenetic reprogramming of gut stem cells to acquire enduring epigenetic memories, a phenomenon that contributes to both enhanced immunity and predisposition to inflammatory disorders, such as CD, and worsened pathology in a model of colitis39, we confirmed that IL-6 stimulates MSC1s towards a pro-adipogenic phenotype that leads to CF formation and penetrating inflammatory fibrosis in patients with CD. Here, IL6 is linked to cystic fibrosis.