TNF and ischemic stroke: Additionally, Liu et al. observed a significant increase in the expression of the histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A) and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in rats with MCAO and found that KDM4A inhibition improved functional recovery from ischemic stroke by suppressing NF-κB activation and subsequent neuroinflammation [194].