PTGS2 and Cognitive impairment: Treatment with Clostridium butyricum could stop TNF-α, Aβ deposition, microglial activation, and cognitive impairment in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. In BV-2 microglia that had been activated by A, butyrate therapy reduced CD11b and COX-2 levels and prevented the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65.